![]() ![]() Analysis of breastfeeding status was underpowered and did not identify any apparent, consistent effects on the taxonomic profiles (Fig. Mothers harbored more diverse microbial communities with many species characteristic of more complex diets such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Prevotella copri (Fig. ![]() 1C), consistent with other infant cohorts. The most abundant species in infants included several species from the genera Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides as well as opportunistic pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Fig. 1A, PERMANOVA test R 2 = 0.314, p < 0.001), mirrored by a contrasting difference in microbial diversity (Fig. As expected, mothers and infants harbored distinctive microbial communities separated on Principal Coordinate Analysis ordination (Fig. We first characterised the fecal microbiomes using metagenomic DNA sequencing and investigated the microbial populations taxonomically at the species level. In this pilot study, we analysed 20 stool samples, collected six months after birth, from 10 mother-infant dyads within the NiPPeR cohort (five from Auckland, New Zealand five from Southampton, United Kingdom) with appropriate positive and negative control samples to characterize vertical mother-to-infant microbial transmission and subsequent shifts in bacterial transcription (Table S1). MOTHERS X AND O COOKIES TRIALThe NiPPeR double-blinded, randomized controlled trial recruited 1,729 women prior to conception and followed 585 mother-infant dyads from delivery to examine the impact of a nutritional supplement taken before and during pregnancy on the health of mothers and their infants 13. Gut bacteria differed taxonomically in NiPPeR mothers and their infants maternal gut and whether any bacterial species were more proficient in adjusting to their new environment in the infant gut. We specifically asked to what degree did the shared strains differ in terms of their gene expression in the infant vs. Here, we used gut metagenomes and metatranscriptomes from 10 mother-infant dyads from the United Kingdom and New Zealand participating in the NiPPeR Study 13 to investigate variations in the gene expression of gut bacterial strains shared between mother and infant. Previous studies have not, however, investigated changes in expression of individual genes nor strain-specific transcription adjustments in maternally-derived bacterial strains. Indeed, an initial investigation highlighted high-level functional shifts, including decreased bacterial fermentation, following mother-to-infant transmission 12. Maternally derived bacteria are therefore likely to adjust their gene expression to survive in this new environment. ![]() The metabolic environment of the infant gut is markedly different to that of the adult gut, due to the sole reliance on breast milk and/or infant formula. The absence of bacteria with such core functions may therefore have lasting health consequences for the human host.Ī portion of the pioneering infant gut bacteria are vertically transmitted from the maternal gut at birth 10, 11. For example, many of these initial inhabitants interacting with immune cells 4, 5, metabolise complex sugars (human milk oligosaccharides, HMOs) in breast milk 6, 7, 8 and reduce the intestinal pH to restrict the growth of opportunistic pathogens 9. Large-scale microbial colonization of the infant gut begins at birth 1, 2, 3 and these early microbial residents contribute to host development and health. ![]()
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